Well, I’m not sure if this list can “enable any student to come up with the correct case by case analysis and code”, but just that it is structured bottom-up. It looks like a first course syllabus.
1. Propositional and Predicate logic fundamentals, including Horn Clauses
2. Pattern matching and Unification concepts.
3. The Logic Programming paradigm, and Prolog syntax,
4. Prolog terms, variable grounding, determinism and non-determinism (use-cases)
5. Prolog's Inference Engine and SLD-Resolution.
6. Just in Time Clause Indexing
7. Structure of Prolog programs, Facts and Rules, Modules, etc.
8. Predicates and recursion schemas, Tail-recursion optimization.
9. Non-logic operators, the Cut, Cut-fail loops, algorithmic structures simulated with cut.
10. Arithmetics in Prolog (non-declativeness).
11. The Constraint Logic Programming paradigm, CLP libraries, CHR.
12. The Inductive Logic Programming paradigm.
It dos not cover practical real-life tools, like exception handling, file input/output or DCGs, but just the basic concepts.
What do you think?